Foreign Information Manipulation and Interference (FIMI) is a growing threat that undermines democratic institutions, deepens societal divisions, and erodes public trust in information. By exploiting existing vulnerabilities malign foreign actors manipulate public discourse through disinformation, propaganda, and covert influence campaigns. The rise of digital media and algorithm-driven content has further amplified the spread of false narratives, making societies more susceptible to manipulation. Addressing this challenge requires a comprehensive approach to enhance resilience and counteract foreign influence operations.

This state-of-the-art report provides an in-depth review and analysis of the social and collective drivers that enable and amplify FIMI. The report categorizes these drivers at three levels: macro, meso and micro. It emphasises how foreign actors exploit social divisions, declining trust in institutions, and digital platform vulnerabilities to destabilise societies and influence public opinion. A key contribution of the study is the conceptualisation of FIMI drivers as independent and intervening variables, allowing for a deeper understanding of the causal relationships within FIMI ecosystems. The study also highlights the role of state capture, media capture and strategic corruption in facilitating FIMI, underscoring the need for quantitative research to measure its impact and predict future threats. In conclusion, the report calls for a whole-of-society approach, including enhanced media literacy, governance transparency, and international cooperation, to counteract these manipulative tactics and strengthen democratic resilience.