The Russian invasion of Ukraine has underscored Moscow's efforts to challenge the US-led international order by leveraging partnerships with China, militarized diplomacy, economic coercion, and information warfare. Türkiye has become a crucial player in this dynamic, balancing its alignment with the West on defense and security while benefiting economically from its ties with Russia. As Russia seeks to circumvent Western sanctions, Türkiye has become indispensable in its strategy, deepening cooperation in areas such as energy, trade, finance, and infrastructure. This growing economic interdependence creates asymmetric dependencies that have significant regional and strategic implications, posing risks to NATO unity, European sanctions enforcement, and the broader international system.
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The Kremlin Playbook in Türkiye
Geoeconomics Unfolded
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CSD. The Kremlin Playbook in Türkiye. Sofia: CSD, 2025
Report
The Kremlin Playbook in Türkiye
Geoeconomics Unfolded
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