A confluence of challenges has endangered democracy in Europe, including the rise of domestic extremism and populism, the penetration of social media, artificial intelligence and other digital technologies, and the proliferation of authoritarian-state driven influence operations. The report illuminates the patterns of Kremlin anti-democratic disinformation messaging in Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Germany, and Poland. The disinformation resilience capacity of the four EU member states is additionally evaluated along three main levels: governance and policymaking; civil society action; participation in and contribution to international initiatives. The study puts forward a policy agenda of multi-stakeholder action for protecting EU’s democratic discourse and digital information ecosystem from Russian media influence activities.
